Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

Special Articles

The COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center: a cornerstone for strengthening safety evidence for COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Korea: Na-Young Jeong, Hyesook Park, Sanghoon Oh, Seung Eun Jung, Dong-Hyun Kim, Hyoung-Shik Shin, Hee Chul Han, Jong-Koo Lee, Jun Hee Woo, Jaehun Jung, Joongyub Lee, Ju-Young Shin, Sun-Young Jung, Byung-Joo Park, Nam-Kyong Choi; Received November 16, 2023 Accepted February 22, 2024 Published online April 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0343 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF: The COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Committee (CoVaSC) was established in November 2021 to address the growing need for independent, in-depth scientific evidence on adverse events (AEs) following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. This initiative was requested by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and led by the National Academy of Medicine of Korea. In September 2022, the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center was established, strengthening CoVaSC’s initiatives. The center has conducted various studies on the safety of COVID-19 vaccines. During CoVaSC’s second research year, from September 29, 2022 to July 19, 2023, the center was restructured into 4 departments: Epidemiological Research, Clinical Research, Communication & Education, and International Cooperation & Policy Research. Its main activities include (1) managing CoVaSC and the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center, (2) surveying domestic and international trends in AE causality investigation, (3) assessing AEs following COVID-19 vaccination, (4) fostering international collaboration and policy research, and (5) organizing regular fora and training sessions for the public and clinicians. Causality assessments have been conducted for 27 diseases, and independent research has been conducted after organizing ad hoc committees comprising both epidemiologists and clinical experts on each AE of interest. The research process included protocol development, data analysis, interpretation of results, and causality assessment. These research outcomes have been shared transparently with the public and healthcare experts through various fora. The COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center plans to continue strengthening and expanding its research activities to provide reliable, high-quality safety information to the public.

A framework for nationwide COVID-19 vaccine safety research in the Republic of Korea: the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Committee: Na-Young Jeong, Hyesook Park, Sanghoon Oh, Seung Eun Jung, Dong-Hyun Kim, Hyoung-Shik Shin, Hee Chul Han, Jong-Koo Lee, Jun Hee Woo, Byung-Joo Park, Nam-Kyong Choi; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2023;14(1):5-14. Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0026

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With the introduction of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) commissioned the National Academy of Medicine of Korea to gather experts to independently assess post-vaccination adverse events. Accordingly, the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Committee (CoVaSC) was launched in November 2021 to perform safety studies and establish evidence for policy guidance. The CoVaSC established 3 committees for epidemiology, clinical research, and communication. The CoVaSC mainly utilizes pseudonymized data linking KDCA’s COVID-19 vaccination data and the National Health Insurance Service’s claims data. The CoVaSC’s 5-step research process involves defining the target diseases and organizing ad-hoc committees, developing research protocols, performing analyses, assessing causal relationships, and announcing research findings and utilizing them to guide compensation policies. As of 2022, the CoVaSC completed this research process for 15 adverse events. The CoVaSC launched the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center in September 2022 and has been reorganized into 4 divisions to promote research including international collaborative studies, long-/short-term follow-up studies, and education programs. Through these enhancements, the CoVaSC will continue to swiftly provide scientific evidence for COVID-19 vaccine research and compensation and may serve as a model for preparing for future epidemics of new diseases.

Citations

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Risk of encephalitis and meningitis after COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea: a self-controlled case series analysis
Ju Hwan Kim, Dongwon Yoon, Hwa Yeon Ko, Kyungyeon Jung, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Won Chul Shin, Jung-Ick Byun, Ju-Young Shin
BMC Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
To become a more stronger and safer country
Jong-Koo Lee
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2023; 14(2): 67. CrossRef
Risk of lymphadenopathy from SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Korea: a self-controlled case series analysis
Mi-Sook Kim, Bongyoung Kim, Jeong Pil Choi, Nam-Kyong Choi, Jung Yeon Heo, Jun Yong Choi, Joongyub Lee, Sang Il Kim
Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023090. CrossRef

Brief Report

Early Intervention Reduces the Spread of COVID-19 in Long-Term Care Facilities in the Republic of Korea: Shin Young Park, Gawon Choi, Hyeyoung Lee, Na-young Kim, Seon-young Lee, Kyungnam Kim, Soyoung Shin, Eunsu Jang, YoungSin Moon, KwangHwan Oh, JaeRin Choi, Sangeun Lee, Young-Man Kim, Jieun Kim, Seonju Yi, Jin Gwack, Ok Park, Young Joon Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2020;11(4):259-264. Published online August 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.4.16

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Abstract PDF

This study describes the epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on reported cases from long-term care facilities. As of April 20^th, 2020, 3 long-term care facilities in a metropolitan area of South Korea had reported cases of COVID-19. These facilities’ employees were presumed to be the sources of infection. There were 2 nursing hospitals that did not report any additional cases. One nursing home had a total of 25 cases, with an attack rate of 51.4% (95% CI 35.6–67.0), and a fatality rate of 38.9% (95% CI 20.3–61.4) among residents. The results from this study suggest that early detection and maintenance of infection control minimizes the risk of rapid transmission.

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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and corresponding control measures on long-term care facilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jun Zhang, Yushan Yu, Mirko Petrovic, Xiaomei Pei, Qing-Bao Tian, Lei Zhang, Wei-Hong Zhang
Age and Ageing.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A scoping review of the impacts of COVID-19 physical distancing measures on vulnerable population groups
Lili Li, Araz Taeihagh, Si Ying Tan
Nature Communications.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of Concentrated COVID-19 Outbreaks in Elderly Facilities in Suita City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Toshiyuki Shibata, Sawa Okano, Daisuke Onozuka, Etsuko Ohta, Satoshi Kutsuna
International Journal of Environmental Research an.2023; 20(20): 6926. CrossRef
Factors relating to intention of use non-face-to-face services among family caregivers of persons with dementia: A cross-sectional study
Myonghwa Park, Jinju Kim, Jihye Jung, Seonhwa Kim, Jinhee Lee, Dongyoung Lee
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2023; 25(4): 377. CrossRef
Staffing Levels and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths in Korean Nursing Homes
Jiyeon Lee, Juh Hyun Shin, Kyeong Hun Lee, Charlene A. Harrington, Sun Ok Jung
Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice.2022; 23(1): 15. CrossRef
An Experience of the Early Stage of COVID-19 Outbreak in Nursing Homes in Gyeonggi Province, Korea
Gawon Choi, Na-young Kim, Seon-young Lee, Hae Deun Noh, Heeyoung Lee
Korean Journal of Clinical Geriatrics.2022; 23(1): 27. CrossRef
The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for long term care facilities
Muh-Yong Yen, Jonathan Schwartz, Po-Ren Hsueh
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases.2022; 35(4): 370. CrossRef
Health impact of the first and second wave of COVID-19 and related restrictive measures among nursing home residents: a scoping review
Marjolein E. A. Verbiest, Annerieke Stoop, Aukelien Scheffelaar, Meriam M. Janssen, Leonieke C. van Boekel, Katrien G. Luijkx
BMC Health Services Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiology and clinical features of COVID-19 outbreaks in aged care facilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mohammad Rashidul Hashan, Nicolas Smoll, Catherine King, Hannah Ockenden-Muldoon, Jacina Walker, Andre Wattiaux, Julieanne Graham, Robert Booy, Gulam Khandaker
EClinicalMedicine.2021; 33: 100771. CrossRef
Protecting Nursing Homes and Long-Term Care Facilities From COVID-19: A Rapid Review of International Evidence
Sally Hall Dykgraaf, Sethunya Matenge, Jane Desborough, Elizabeth Sturgiss, Garang Dut, Leslee Roberts, Alison McMillan, Michael Kidd
Journal of the American Medical Directors Associat.2021; 22(10): 1969. CrossRef
Dementia Risk among Coronavirus Disease Survivors: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea
Hye-Yoon Park, In-Ae Song, Tak-Kyu Oh
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2021; 11(10): 1015. CrossRef

Original Articles

Epidemiological Characteristics of Field Tick-Borne Pathogens in Gwang-ju Metropolitan Area, South Korea, from 2014 to 2018: Jung Wook Park, Seung Hun Lee, Gi Seong Lee, Jin Jong Seo, Jae Keun Chung; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2020;11(4):177-184. Published online August 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.4.06

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

The importance of tick-borne diseases is increasing because of climate change, with a lack of long-term studies on tick-borne pathogens in South Korea. To understand the epidemiological characteristics of tick-borne diseases, the monthly distribution of field ticks throughout the year was studied in South Korea between May 2014 and April 2018 in a cross sectional study.

Methods

The presence of various tick-borne pathogens (Rickettsia species, Borrelia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum) was confirmed by using polymerase chain reaction, to provide information for a prevention strategy against tick-borne pathogenic infections, through increased understanding of the relationship between seasonal variation and risk of infection with Rickettsia species. This was performed using logistic regression analysis (SPSS 20, IBM, USA) of the data obtained from the study.

Results

During the study period there were 11,717 ticks collected and 4 species identified. Haemapysalis longicornis was the most common species (n = 10,904, 93.1%), followed by Haemapysalis flava (n = 656, 5.6%), Ixodes nipponensis (n = 151, 1.3%), and Amblyomma testudinarium (n = 6, 0.05%) The results of this cross-sectional study showed that Haemapysalis flava carried a higher risk of transmission of Rickettsia species than other tick species (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

In conclusion, due attention should be paid to preventing tick-borne infections in humans whilst engaged in outdoor activities in Spring and Autumn, particularly in places where there is a high prevalence of ticks.

Citations

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Effective Methods of Estimation of Pathogen Prevalence in Pooled Ticks
Gerardo Fracasso, Marika Grillini, Laura Grassi, Francesco Gradoni, Graziana da Rold, Michela Bertola
Pathogens.2023; 12(4): 557. CrossRef
Applying next generation sequencing to detect tick-pathogens in Dermacentor nuttalli, Ixodes persulcatus, and Hyalomma asiaticum collected from Mongolia
Graham A. Matulis, Jira Sakolvaree, Bazartseren Boldbaatar, Nora Cleary, Ratree Takhampunya, B. Katherine Poole-Smith, Abigail A. Lilak, Doniddemberel Altantogtokh, Nyamdorj Tsogbadrakh, Nitima Chanarat, Nittayaphon Youngdech, Erica J. Lindroth, Jodi M. F
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2023; 14(5): 102203. CrossRef
Molecular Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia Species in Ticks Removed from Humans in the Republic of Korea
Yu-Jung Kim, Ji Ye Seo, Seong Yoon Kim, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2022; 10(6): 1224. CrossRef
Molecular Detection and Phylogeny of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Dogs in the Republic of Korea
A-Tai Truong, Jinhyeong Noh, Yeojin Park, Hyun-Ji Seo, Keun-Ho Kim, Subin Min, Jiyeon Lim, Mi-Sun Yoo, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Hyunkyoung Lee, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Sang Cho
Pathogens.2021; 10(5): 613. CrossRef
iSeq 100 for metagenomic pathogen screening in ticks
Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, Alghurabi Areej Sabri Mahdi, Tai-Soon Yong
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Identification of Borrelia spp. from Ticks in Pastures Nearby Livestock Farms in Korea
Haeseung Lee, Seung-Hun Lee, SungShik Shin, Dongmi Kwak
Insects.2021; 12(11): 1011. CrossRef

Development and Utilization of a Rapid and Accurate Epidemic Investigation Support System for COVID-19: Young Joon Park, Sang Yun Cho, Jin Lee, Ikjin Lee, Won-Ho Park, Seungmyeong Jeong, Seongyun Kim, Seokjun Lee, Jaeho Kim, Ok Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2020;11(3):118-127. Published online May 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.3.06

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

In this pandemic situation caused by a novel coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19), an electronic support system that can rapidly and accurately perform epidemic investigations, is needed. It would systematically secure and analyze patients’ data (who have been confirmed to have the infection), location information, and credit card usage.

Methods

The “Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Act” in South Korea, established a legal basis for the securement, handling procedure, and disclosure of information required for epidemic investigations. The Epidemic Investigation Support System (EISS) was developed as an application platform on the Smart City data platform.

Results

The EISS performed the function of inter-institutional communication which reduced the processing period of patients’ data in comparison to other methods. This system automatically marked confirmed cases’ tracking data on a map and hot-spot analysis which lead to the prediction of areas where people may be vulnerable to infection.

Conclusion

The EISS was designed and implemented for use during an epidemic investigation to prevent the spread of an infectious disease, by specifically tracking confirmed cases of infection.

Citations

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The Birth of Digital Epidemiology in South Korea
Eun-Sung Kim
East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An Int.2024; 18(1): 22. CrossRef
Modern technologies and solutions to enhance surveillance and response systems for emerging zoonotic diseases
Li Zhang, Wenqiang Guo, Chenrui Lv
Science in One Health.2024; 3: 100061. CrossRef
Within-Host Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in a B-Cell Depleted Patient With Successful Treatment
Yae Jee Baek, Gemma Park, Jun Yong Choi, Eun Jin Kim, Bryan Inho Kim, Jin Gwack, Ji Ye Jung
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Contact-tracing of the COVID-19 spreading using digital technologies with artificial intelligence (literary review)
Botir T. Daminov, Sherzod P. Ashirbaev, Igor P. Vikhrov
HEALTH CARE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.2023; 67(2): 142. CrossRef
엠폭스(원숭이두창)의 효과적 관리 방안: 역학조사 경험과 국외 정책 검토
태영 김, 언주 박, 종무 김, 민결 심, 신영 이, 은경 김
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(22): 669. CrossRef
Epidemiological analysis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients on ships arriving at Busan port in Korea, 2020
Kee Hun Do, Jinseon Yang, Ok Sook Do, Seok-Ju Yoo, Rajnesh Lal
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(7): e0288064. CrossRef
IntelliTrace: Intelligent Contact Tracing Method Based on Transmission Characteristics of Infectious Disease
Soorim Yang, Kyoung-Hwan Kim, Hye-Ryeong Jeong, Seokjun Lee, Jaeho Kim
Applied System Innovation.2023; 6(6): 112. CrossRef
Detecting mpox infection in the early epidemic: an epidemiologic investigation of the third and fourth cases in Korea
Taeyoung Kim, Eonjoo Park, Jun Suk Eun, Eun-young Lee, Ji Won Mun, Yunsang Choi, Shinyoung Lee, Hansol Yeom, Eunkyoung Kim, Jongmu Kim, Jihyun Choi, Jinho Ha, Sookkyung Park
Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023040. CrossRef
A scalable framework for smart COVID surveillance in the workplace using Deep Neural Networks and cloud computing
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Expert Systems.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
COVID-19 Cluster Linked to Aerosol Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via Floor Drains
Taewon Han, Heedo Park, Yungje Jeong, Jungmin Lee, Eungyeong Shon, Man-Seong Park, Minki Sung
The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2022; 225(9): 1554. CrossRef
Perceived usefulness of COVID-19 tools for contact tracing among contact tracers in Korea
Seonyeong Gong, Jong Youn Moon, Jaehun Jung
Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022106. CrossRef
Public health in times of crisis: An overlooked variable in city management theories?
Celso Machado, Daielly Melina Nassif Mantovani Ribeiro, Adriana Backx Noronha Viana
Sustainable Cities and Society.2021; 66: 102671. CrossRef
Re-estimation of basic reproduction number of COVID-19 based on the epidemic curve by symptom onset date
K. Hong, S. J. Yum, J. H. Kim, B. C. Chun
Epidemiology and Infection.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Benefits of Mobile Contact Tracing on COVID-19: Tracing Capacity Perspectives
Uichin Lee, Auk Kim
Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Two-Way Contact Network Modeling for Identifying the Route of COVID-19 Community Transmission
Sung Jin Lee, Sang Eun Lee, Ji-On Kim, Gi Bum Kim
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State of the Art in Adoption of Contact Tracing Apps and Recommendations Regarding Privacy Protection and Public Health: Systematic Review
Katarzyna Kolasa, Francesca Mazzi, Ewa Leszczuk-Czubkowska, Zsombor Zrubka, Márta Péntek
JMIR mHealth and uHealth.2021; 9(6): e23250. CrossRef
Riding the waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea
Joseph Christian Obnial, Maria Beatriz Baron, Hannah Andrea Sagsagat, Erika Ong, Ma. Alexandra Nicola Valenzuela, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno
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Contributions of Smart City Solutions and Technologies to Resilience against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review
Ayyoob Sharifi, Amir Reza Khavarian-Garmsir, Rama Krishna Reddy Kummitha
Sustainability.2021; 13(14): 8018. CrossRef
Harnessing the Power of Smart and Connected Health to Tackle COVID-19: IoT, AI, Robotics, and Blockchain for a Better World
Farshad Firouzi, Bahar Farahani, Mahmoud Daneshmand, Kathy Grise, Jaeseung Song, Roberto Saracco, Lucy Lu Wang, Kyle Lo, Plamen Angelov, Eduardo Soares, Po-Shen Loh, Zeynab Talebpour, Reza Moradi, Mohsen Goodarzi, Haleh Ashraf, Mohammad Talebpour, Alireza
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CASE-CF: Context Aware Smart Epidemic Control Framework
Harsuminder Kaur Gill, Vivek Kumar Sehgal, Anil Kumar Verma
New Generation Computing.2021; 39(3-4): 541. CrossRef
Resolving the tension between full utilization of contact tracing app services and user stress as an effort to control the COVID-19 pandemic
Jaehun Joo, Matthew Minsuk Shin
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National Disaster Management System: COVID-19 Case in Korea
Junic Kim, Kelly Ashihara
International Journal of Environmental Research an.2020; 17(18): 6691. CrossRef
Evidence of Long-Distance Droplet Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by Direct Air Flow in a Restaurant in Korea
Keun-Sang Kwon, Jung-Im Park, Young Joon Park, Don-Myung Jung, Ki-Wahn Ryu, Ju-Hyung Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

Gender Differences in Harmful Use of Alcohol Among Korean Adults: Eunok Park, Yeon Sook Kim; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2019;10(4):205-214. Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.4.02

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

Harmful alcohol consumption is associated with considerable social and economic damage to individuals and society. Because gender and ethnic background influence alcohol intake differently, examining gender specific factors influencing harmful drinking is necessary. This study investigated gender differences in alcohol consumption, harmful drinking, and the associated factors among Korean adults.

Methods

We analyzed the data from the 2012–2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data from survey participants aged 20–64 years (N = 18,581) were included. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test was used for alcohol dependence, and pooled weights were used. Chi-squared tests and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted.

Results

The prevalence of harmful alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score ≥ 16) was 10.7% in the total sample; 18.4% in men and 3.4% in women, which constituted a significant difference. Education, marital status, smoking, perceived stress, and depressive feeling were associated with harmful drinking in both genders. However, household income, occupation, and perceived health status were associated with harmful drinking only in men.

Conclusion

Since there are gender differences in harmful drinking and alcohol dependence, gender tailored prevention and intervention strategies for alcohol dependence are necessary including consideration of smoking, stress, and depressive feeling.

Citations

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Characteristics and Clinical Course of Diabetes of the Exocrine Pancreas: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Nami Lee, So Jeong Park, Dongwoo Kang, Ja Young Jeon, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan-Woo Lee, Edward J. Boyko, Seung Jin Han
Diabetes Care.2022; 45(5): 1141. CrossRef
Harmful alcohol use among mothers of under-five child: findings from the Panel Study on Korean Children
Seulgi Kim, Seung-Ah Choe, Sung-Il Cho
BMC Women's Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Characteristics and Clinical Course of Diabetes of the Exocrine Pancreas: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Studybrief Title: Diabetes of the Exocrine Pancreas
Nami Lee, So Jeong Park, Dongwoo Kang, Ja Young Jeon, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan-Woo Lee, Edward J. Boyko, Seung Jin Han
SSRN Electronic Journal .2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations between Harmful Experiences from Alcohol Use of Others and Mental Health in Korean Adolescents
Mi Ah Han
International Journal of Environmental Research an.2019; 16(21): 4240. CrossRef

Brief Report

Review of the Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in Foreign-Born and Korean Nationals Living in the Republic of Korea, 2007–2016: Een-Suk Shin, Ok Park, In-Sik Kong; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2018;9(3):126-129. Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.3.08

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Abstract PDF

The Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine was introduced to the national immunization program in 1985, which has led to a dramatic decrease in the number of reported cases, but JE continues to occur in foreign nationals residing in or traveling to Korea. Although the incidence is low, this study demonstrated that more Koreans were infected with JE than foreign-born expatriates. The incidence rates of Korean-born nationals were between 0.01 and 0.08 cases per 100,000. In contrast, the incidence rates of foreign-born nationals ranged between 0 and 0.26 cases per 100,000. The incidence rates clearly showed that foreign-born expatriates were more at risk, which underscores the importance of vaccination. We recommend heightened surveillance among JE-susceptible individuals and promote vaccination among foreign-born nationals living in Korea.

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Japanese encephalitis in a U.S. traveler returning from Vietnam, 2022
Zachary C. Janatpour, M. Andrew Boatwright, Sara M. Yousif, Maria-Fernanda Bonilla, Kelly A. Fitzpatrick, Susan L. Hills, Catherine F. Decker
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 52: 102536. CrossRef
Travel vaccines—priorities determined by incidence and impact
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Journal of Travel Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Mechanism and Role of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Central Nervous System-Mediated Diseases
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Retention of neutralizing antibodies to Japanese encephalitis vaccine in age groups above fifteen years in Korea
Hee-Jung Lee, Hanul Choi, Ki Hoon Park, Yuyeon Jang, Young-jin Hong, Young Bong Kim
International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2020; 100: 53. CrossRef
Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
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Original Article

Application of Gap-Constraints Given Sequential Frequent Pattern Mining for Protein Function Prediction: Hyeon Ah Park, Taewook Kim, Meijing Li, Ho Sun Shon, Jeong Seok Park, Keun Ho Ryu; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2015;6(2):112-120. Published online April 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.01.006

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Abstract PDF: Objectives
Predicting protein function from the protein–protein interaction network is challenging due to its complexity and huge scale of protein interaction process along with inconsistent pattern. Previously proposed methods such as neighbor counting, network analysis, and graph pattern mining has predicted functions by calculating the rules and probability of patterns inside network. Although these methods have shown good prediction, difficulty still exists in searching several functions that are exceptional from simple rules and patterns as a result of not considering the inconsistent aspect of the interaction network.
Methods
In this article, we propose a novel approach using the sequential pattern mining method with gap-constraints. To overcome the inconsistency problem, we suggest frequent functional patterns to include every possible functional sequence—including patterns for which search is limited by the structure of connection or level of neighborhood layer. We also constructed a tree-graph with the most crucial interaction information of the target protein, and generated candidate sets to assign by sequential pattern mining allowing gaps.
Results
The parameters of pattern length, maximum gaps, and minimum support were given to find the best setting for the most accurate prediction. The highest accuracy rate was 0.972, which showed better results than the simple neighbor counting approach and link-based approach.
Conclusion
The results comparison with other approaches has confirmed that the proposed approach could reach more function candidates that previous methods could not obtain.

Brief Report

A Strategic Plan for the Second Phase (2013–2015) of the Korea Biobank Project: Ok Park, Sang Yun Cho, So Youn Shin, Jae-Sun Park, Jun Woo Kim, Bok-Ghee Han; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2013;4(2):107-116. Published online April 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.03.006

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Abstract PDF

The Korea Biobank Project (KBP) was led by the Ministry of Health and Welfare to establish a network between the National Biobank of Korea and biobanks run by university-affiliated general hospitals (regional biobanks). The Ministry of Health and Welfare started the project to enhance medical and health technology by collecting, managing, and providing researchers with high-quality human bioresources. The National Biobank of Korea, under the leadership of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, collects specimens through various cohorts and regional biobanks within university hospitals gather specimens from patients. The project began in 2008, and the first phase ended in 2012, which meant that there needed to be a plan for the second phase that begins in 2013. Consequently, professionals from within and outside the project were gathered to develop a plan for the second phase. Under the leadership of the planning committee, six working groups were formed to formulate a practical plan. By conducting two workshops with experts in the six working groups and the planning committee and three forums in 2011 and 2012, they have developed a strategic plan for the second phase of the KBP. This document presents a brief report of the second phase of the project based on a discussion with them.During the first phase of the project (2008–2012), a network was set up between the National Biobank of Korea and 17 biobanks at university-affiliated hospitals in an effort to unify informatics and governance among the participating biobanks. The biobanks within the network manage data on their biospecimens with a unified Biobank Information Management System. Continuous efforts are being made to develop a common standard operating procedure for resource collection, management, distribution, and personal information security, and currently, management of these data is carried out in a somewhat unified manner. In addition, the KBP has trained and educated professionals to work within the biobanks, and has also carried out various publicity promotions to the public and researchers. During the first phase, biospecimens from more than 300,000 participants through various cohorts and biospecimens from more than 200,000 patients from hospitals were collected, which were distributed to approximately 600 research projects.The planning committee for the second phase evaluated that the first phase of the KBP was successful. However, the first phase of the project was meant to allow autonomy to the individual biobanks. The biobanks were able to choose the kind of specimens they were going to collect and the amount of specimen they would set as a goal, as well as being allowed to choose their own methods to manage their biobanks (autonomy). Therefore, some biobanks collected resources that were easy to collect and the resources needed by researchers were not strategically collected. In addition, there was also a low distribution rate to researchers outside of hospitals, who do not have as much access to specimens and cases as those in hospitals. There were also many cases in which researchers were not aware of the KBP, and the distribution processes were not set up to be convenient to the demands of researchers.Accordingly, the second phase of the KBP will be focused on increasing the integration and cooperation between the biobanks within the network. The KBP plans to set goals for the strategic collection of the needed human bioresources. Although the main principle of the first phase was to establish infrastructure and resource collection, the key objective of the second phase is the efficient utilization of gathered resources. In order to fully utilize the gathered resources in an efficient way, distribution systems and policies must be improved. Vitalization of distribution, securing of high-value resource and related clinical and laboratory information, international standardization of resource management systems, and establishment of a virtuous cycle between research and development (R&D) and biobanks are the four main strategies. Based on these strategies, 12 related objectives have been set and are planned to be executed.

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Articles

National Biobank of Korea: Quality control Programs of Collected-human Biospecimens: Jae-Eun Lee, Ji-Hyun Kim, Eun-Jung Hong, Hye Sook Yoo, Hye-Young Nam, Ok Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2012;3(3):185-189. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.07.007

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Abstract PDF

Personalized medicine is emerging as a main paradigm for risk prediction, pre-diagnosis, and effective prevention and treatment of disease. A large number of human biospecimens and their clinical data are essential resources for the success of personalized medicine as well as other biomedical research. The National Biobank of Korea (NBK) has collected well-annotated and high quality human biospecimens, and distributes them to the Korean biomedical scientists, through the Korea Biobank Project (KBP). The ultimate goal of NBK activities is to promote biomedical research and public health. As of December- 2011, the NBK has collected various human biospecimens from 525,416 participants including 325,952 Korean populations and 199,464 patients. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the KBP and quality control programs for collection of human biospecimens with high quality of NBK.

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Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virusrelated Knowledge and Stigmatizing Attitudes among Korean Adolescents from 2006 to 2011: Aeree Sohn, SungBok Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2012;3(2):107-112. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.04.006

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study assessed the prevalence and changes of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge and stigmatizing attitudes in 2006, 2008, and 2011.
Methods
Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2006, 2008, and 2011. A cross-sectional sample of high school students in Seoul, South Korea was targeted. A self-administered questionnaire measuring general and transmission and discriminatory attitudes was used.
Results
Misconceptions about casual contact were widespread, even though the proportion responding incorrectly decreased significantly over the 5-year period. The respondents in all surveys displayed a high level of discrimination against those with HIV/AIDS in some situations, particularly in the idea of HIV/AIDS making the respondent feel disgusted (63.3% in 2006, 57.5% in 2008, and 52.6% in 2011), avoiding sitting with people with HIV/AIDS (50.6% in 2006, 50.5% in 2008, and 48.5% in 2011), and blaming those with HIV for becoming infected (46.6% in 2006, 42.8% in 2008, and 43.0% in 2011). Even though respondents had a high level of stigmatizing attitudes, the survey showed that the stigma has declined over the 5-year period.
Conclusion
The survey results showed that public health policy should recognize that HIV stigmatizing attitudes persist in Korea. This finding has implications for the development of intervention programs focusing on reducing the levels of discrimination.

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Barriers and Facilitators toward HIV Testing and Health Perceptions among African-American Men Who Have Sex with Women at a South Side Chicago Community Health Center: A Pilot Study
Ian J. Cooke, Rohan D. Jeremiah, Nataka J. Moore, Karriem Watson, Michael A. Dixon, Gregory L. Jordan, Marcus Murray, Mary K. Keeter, Courtney M. P. Hollowell, Adam B. Murphy
Frontiers in Public Health.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Discrimination and Stigma
Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2015; 6(3): 141. CrossRef
Identifying Barriers to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing for Men Who Have Sex with Men in South Korea
Aeree Sohn, Byonghee Cho, Harvey A. Kennedy
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2015; 6(3): 192. CrossRef
Changing Patterns of HIV Epidemic in 30 Years in East Asia
S. Pilar Suguimoto, Teeranee Techasrivichien, Patou Masika Musumari, Christina El-saaidi, Bhekumusa Wellington Lukhele, Masako Ono-Kihara, Masahiro Kihara
Current HIV/AIDS Reports.2014; 11(2): 134. CrossRef
HIV Stigmatization Harms Individuals and Public Health
Jun Yong Choi
Infection & Chemotherapy.2014; 46(2): 139. CrossRef
What is Next for HIV/AIDS in Korea?
Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(6): 291. CrossRef
Can Stigma Still Distort the Spectrum of a Disease?
Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2012; 3(2): 65. CrossRef
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Sexual Behaviors in HIV/AIDS and Predictors Affecting Condom Use among Men Who Have Sex with Men in South Korea
Aeree Sohn, Byonghee Cho
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HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Stigmatizing Attitudes, and Related Behaviors and Factors that Affect Stigmatizing Attitudes against HIV/AIDS among Korean Adolescents: Aeree Sohn, SungBok Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2012;3(1):24-30. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.01.004

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study examined the sex differentials for specific aspects of knowledge regarding HIV, stigmatizing attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS (PWHAs) and sexual behavior. In addition, the factors that affect stigmatizing attitudes toward PWHAs were investigated.
Methods
The population of this study comprised of senior high students in Seoul, Korea. Eight high schools were selected randomly and 1566 adolescents participated in the survey. A total sample of 1548 cases (18 cases were excluded) was used for analysis. A self-administered questionnaire measuring their general and transmission and discriminatory attitudes was used.
Results
The level of HIV/AIDS knowledge among Korean adolescents was low, as indicated by a correct response rate of 54% (7.0 out of 13). The students answered correctly about HIV transmission by kissing at 50.2%, toilets at 59.4%, cup sharing at 57.4%, and daily school life at 60.5%. The level of discriminatory attitudes towards HIV-infected persons was high. Boys reported a higher proportion of sexual experience (7.0% vs. 2.6%, OR=2.89, p < 0.001). Only 39.0% used a condom during their last sexual encounter and more girls (53.3%) than boys (35.3%) reported using a condom.
Conclusions
These findings highlight the need for increasing HIV knowledge, reducing HIV stigma, and providing sex education focusing on safer sex practices.

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Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-related Knowledge and Stigmatizing Attitudes among Korean Adolescents from 2006 to 2011
Aeree Sohn, SungBok Park
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Knowledge, Attitudes, and Sexual Behaviors in HIV/AIDS and Predictors Affecting Condom Use among Men Who Have Sex with Men in South Korea
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Alterations of gyrA, gyrB, and parC and Activity of Efflux Pump in Fluoroquinolone-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Sunok Park, Kyeong Min Lee, Yong Sun Yoo, Jung Sik Yoo, Jae Il Yoo, Hwa Su Kim, Yeong Seon Lee, Gyung Tae Chung; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2011;2(3):164-170. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.11.040

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study investigated the fluoroquinolone-resistant mechanism of 56 clinical cases of A baumannii infection from 23 non-tertiary hospitals, collected between 2004 and 2006.
Methods
Susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution and Epsilometer test. Analyses of quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) were done by sequencing. The activity of the efflux pump was measured using inhibitors.
Results
The sequences from selected 56 isolates were divided into seven groups (I-VII) on the basis of mutations in gyrA (S83L), parC (S80L, S80W and S84K) and gyrB (containing the novel mutations E679D, D644Y and A677V). The 27 isolates with triple mutations in gyrA, gyrB and parC (groups IV-VII) showed higher levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] of 16-256 μg/mL) than the 26 isolates with double mutations in gyrA and parC (groups II and III, MIC of 8-64 μ g/mL; p < 0.05). Alterations in the efflux pump were observed in four isolates with the parC S80L mutation (group II) or E84K mutation (group VII), but no effect was observed in an isolate with the parC S80 W mutation (group III).
Conclusion
These results suggest that triple mutations in clinical isolates of A baumannii contribute to the development of high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones and that mutations in parC S80L or E84K (groups II and VII) may contribute to alterations in efflux pump activity in A baumannii.

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Opening of the National Biobank of Korea as the Infrastructure of Future Biomedical Science in Korea: Sang Yun Cho, Eun Jung Hong, Jung Min Nam, Bogkee Han, Chaeshin Chu, Ok Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2012;3(3):177-184.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.07.004

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Abstract PDF

On April 26, 2012, the Korea National Institute of Health officially held the opening ceremony of newly dedicated biobank building, ‘National Biobank of Korea’. The stocked biospecimens and related information have been distributed for medical and public health researches. The Korea Biobank Project, which was initiated in 2008, constructed the Korea Biobank Network consisting of the National Biobank of Korea (NBK) with 17 regional biobanks in Korea. As of December 2011, a total of 525,416 biospecimens with related information have been secured: 325,952 biospecimens from the general population obtained through cohort studies and 199,464 biospecimens of patients from regional biobanks. A large scale genomic study, Korea Association Resource (KARE) and many researches utilized the biospecimens secured through Korea Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES) and Korea Biobank Project (KBP). Construction of ‘National Biobank of Korea’, a dedicated biobank building at Osong means that NBK can manage and check quality of the biospecimens with promising distribution of 26 million vials of biospecimen, which provide the infrastructure for the development of health technology in Korea. The NBK and the National Library of Medicine (to be constructed in 2014) will play a central role in future biomedical research in Korea.

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